Jury Trial Essay Example for Free

Jury Trial EssayOn June 19, 1994 O.J Simpson the football hall of famer was arrested in calcium for the murders of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman. Simpson was arraigned in court two day later he pleaded not guilty to the charges and was held in the Los Angeles County jail. Jury selection began in October and the control board was blaspheme in on November 2, 1994. Mr. Simpson did have a jury of his peers, because the jury was twelve jurors some African American and white. The jurors were picked through the voir dire process.With each juror sagacity that they could not have any personal bias pertaining to the case. A series of question were asked to the jurors to determine if the potential jurors had exposure to the context of the case. In the pretrial seek the credibility of evidence from detective Mark Fuhrman would be admitted at trial. Prosecutors said that they thought Mr. Simpson dropped the glove as he tried to quickly return to his class after commit ting the murders. Opening StatementsIn the opening disputations the defense and the prosecution has the opportunity to present their case to the jury. Throughout the opening statements persuasive arguments are announced. During the opening statement evidence is never allowed. Judge Lance A. Ito presided over the case and on January 24, 1995. Before things got going, Judge Ito ruled that Simpson would not be heard by the jury until the defense gives the opening statements. The defense opening statements were lead by attorney Johnnie Cochran when said my client Mr. Simpson is innocent and wrongfully accused. Witness TestimonyEye come across an expert testimony helps reveal specific truths and accuracy in evidence. The Court bailiff pull up stakes swear all witnesses to tell the truth and nothing but the truth. unremarkably the prosecution questions their own witnesses to strengthen their side of the case. The defense then has the chance to cross examine. All evidence will be logge d a numbered whether scientific or physical. The defense attorney and the prosecutor have the right to object to any evidence or testimony provided. There is no guarantee that the evidence will be stricken by the judge. Kato Kaelin, which was O.J Simsons friend that lived on Mr. Simpsons property. Detective Mark Furhman was for the prosecution who had lied on the witness stand during questioning. Furhmans testimony could not be trusted by the jury. Closing ArgumentsAfter all the evidence and testimony is heard this step of the trial is called rest. Next the court case take to closing arguments. This is the last time both side will be able to address the jury before deliberation. The closing arguments are very interchangeable to the opening statements. Both sides try to convince the jury to decide in their favor. Both sides present a summary of key blooms that favor their client. At this point the defense team only needs to convince the jury that prosecution did not prove the defe ndants guilt beyond a likely doubt (2012). Jury InstructionsAfter the closing arguments are complete the jury is charged by the judge with instructions. The judge explains that the jurors decision should not be made because of bias feelings or personal beliefs but that decisions based on the law and evidence during the case. The judge specifies specific details that the jury needs to see to it the defendant guilty. DeliberationDuring the deliberation the jury is held together as a group until a verdict is made. Deliberation can take hours, days up to now weeks to come up with a verdict. If the jury cant come to a verdict it is called mistrial in most states. On October 3, 1995 at 10 am a verdict of not guilty for the murders of Nicole Brown and Ron Goldman was rendered by jurors. A man was set free with most of the world thinking he committed the murdered.

History of forensic medicine Essay Example for Free

History of rhetorical medicine EssayThe necessity of understanding the reasons why a loved one unawargons becomes missing, his/her whereabouts difficult to trace and the difficulty of establishing the probability of that persons survival is one of the many realities of families today. Should threats actually pose on a persons life or the missing member left traces of his/her whereabouts be stuffs that not only fill the minds of those who are after detective stories these are matters that allow nub and hope for those families and individuals with real, missing loved ones. The popularity of shows on television such as CSI and police crime stories in a weekly slot has virtually seamed almost all of networks around the globe. Films and theaters make sure they profit and usually they do whenever they strike the old formula of suspense and crime. Embedded in these formats is the serious work of forensic medicine and the people behind it. It is no wonder that many children and ado lescents today list the job of a forensic specialist as one of their ambitions.Purpose of the Paper Forensic medicine is a distinct discipline dedicated to accomplish the ultimate which is to solve crimes and prevent, limit or turn off its occurrence with the application of a wide-ranging field of sciences in response to inquiries in relation to the legal set-up. It utilizes scientific methods and the application of pharmacology and other link up schemes in the pursuit of justice.Basically derived from the time of the Romans when both the accused and the accuser are given their day in court to present their speeches to persuade the court of the issues of their cases today, an compound system of a combination of knowledge from different sectors is used to achieve the purposes of the legal system. It uses modern technology and the expertise of behavioral sciences in law enforcement. Myths exhaust been built around notorious serial killers and rightly so, because many of those who perpetrate such heinous activities manage to cause people to tremble just by hearing stories about their exploits.Many were astounded by such names or tags as BTK and others like him who tried to carve their names in story though rather infamously. More modern types in the likes of Ted Bundy for instance and the happy face killer still evoke fear as well confusion that such people do exist. What was more amazing though is that they had been caught and that the breakthrough of forensic medicine in the early years to its modern developments had made the mystify more successful and a credit to the science.In the case of jack the Ripper, he was popularized in London many years ago, around 1880, when this man started to stumble prostitutes in the East End portion of this metropolis. He was never caught and his identity remained clouded in mystery. But the details as to the methods of his killing (or ripping) and whether he reaped them or not (his victims) became known only when the d evelopments that had brought forensic medicine to the forefront started to become available (Barbee, 2006). The paper is written to explain, enlighten where forensic medicine is today and where it started.With the put one over that many of mettlesome profiled cases were solved due to the advances in the field which includes computer and digital forensics, use of forensic analysis tools of all kinds i. e. , sampling techniques, and a waiter of other manners of gathering evidence, the author seeks to establish the history of forensic medicine in precis. Problem Statement The literature today is rich to provide an enthusiast and serious student of the field with sufficient information concerning the issue on how this particular discipline emerged.It therefore seeks to answer the following question What is forensic medicine and what are the major developments that helped established its place in the legal system? Basing on that primary inquiry, the following are the papers sub-proble m statements o How is forensic medicine defined? o What are the developmental milestones significant in the understanding of the discipline? o What are the current medical and scientific breakthroughs that are being employed in the application of forensic medicine? o What are its successes in terms of accomplishments as solving such high profiled crimes as BTK and insights into the legendary Jack the Ripper? What are its failures and the deficiencies in the system that needs to be improved and addressed? Definition of Terms Forensic medicine is a distinct science that involves the principles and techniques that identify evidence at a crime scene (UKTV people, 2007). Crime scene investigation refers to the protocol that people in the ordered employs whenever a crime occurs such as the incidence of murder that brings the trained to examine the scene of the crime. The intention is to find traces or clues that might lead to the beginning of the crime (UKTV people, 2007).DNA which repr esents the chemical Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the chemical found in virtually every cell in the consistence and which carries genetic information from one propagation to the next. When translated, this information determines our physical characteristics and directs all the chemical processes in the body (UKTV people, 2007). Fingerprint evidence. Fingerprint evidence rests on two basic principles A persons friction ridgeline patterns the swirled skin on their fingertips never change and no two people extradite the same pattern of friction ridges. (UKTV people, 2007).Ballistics.The science of ballistics is often a highly important element in finding out who did the killing. It deals with the motion, behavior and effects of bullets. Theoretical Framework On criminality Factors contributing to the incidence This refers to the body of knowledge that provides a basis to the current understanding of the different facets of the field. There are various scientific viewpoints where cri minality is concerned and its reduction and prevention as goals. The author attempts to discuss various theoretical perspectives as knowledge base for the strength of its proposition.Sociologists, in an attempt to explain and point out the reasons behind delinquency, have concluded that there are connections between specific youth behaviors with the home environment, family background, the neighborhood, associations, and many other aspects that together, or separately affect the formative years of recent peoples social environment. Delinquent children usually come from a background of difficult circumstances.Parental alcoholism, poverty, breakdown of family, abusive conditions in the home, death of parents during build up conflicts or drug overdose, and the HIV/AIDS scourge, and etc. re some of the various reasons that can leave children virtually orphaned. One or both parents may be physically present, but because of irresponsibility on their part (if even one of them is addicte d to drugs or alcoholic), a child may grow developing certain ways and attitudes that are directly/indirectly caused by the parent/s addiction or drug-related behavior. In this case, true delinquency lies on the parents and the children are, in a way, orphaned or unaccompanied, and without any means of subsistence which, in the first place, the parents fundamental responsibility to provide.Generally, and increasingly, these children are born and/or raised without a father. They are first in the line of those who are at greatest risk of falling into juvenile delinquency. Without noticing it as it is typical of any youth to be deficient in prudence, with newly embraced group, the gang, a corresponding subculture starts to assimilate them, and before long, they start to engage in activities of adult criminal groups.It is usually after being employed in criminal activities for an extended period of time with its accompanying consequences (such as ending up in prison or rehabilitation institutions for drug addicts) that delinquents perform they are into a very dangerous zone. A large portion of all juvenile violations (between two-thirds and three-quarters) are perpetrated by youths who are members of certain gangs (Venkatesh, 1997). Unlike in school and their family, these have no strict rules to be followed except loyalty to the group.It gives young people esteem when they somehow feel they are the rule in themselves. This is the lure of gangs. It gives the promise of fulfillment to would be delinquents. Popularity, access to the powerful figures on the streets, freedom to express ones self, as well as flourishing flow of money (if the gang is also involved in some illegal activities such as drug dealings, which is common in most gangs) are seemingly within grasp of anybody who just have the guts to dare (OJJDP, Mar. 2003).

Sociological theory of religion

Sociological system of devotion1Using patterns critically quantify ace sociological theory of religionIn most traditional societies, religion is an important form of social togetherness. It augments a feeling of community and promotes a set of overlap determine and beliefs in rough form of god. holiness also plays a central role in cultural life flock often synthesize phantasmal symbols and rituals into the material and artistic purification of the nightspot literature, storytelling, painting, music, and dance.1 It is the focus of the society that is of interest to ghost bid sociologists, in fragmentiseicular(a) theories concerning the way phantasmal behaviour differs between and within societies. Beckford nones that theories revolving few how social interaction benefits or holds back societies, has made sociology a renowned atomic number 18a of study.2 In order to open a fundamental starting point in this thesis, the foundations of sociology and the sociology o f religion will be described in context. Furtherto a greater extent, it will discuss, in some detail, the sociological hypothetical approach of functionalism by sociologists a critical analysis will aim to show the differences in their approaches to functionalism and will include supporting and critical statements from preceding and resultant sociological theorists. Sociologists generally define religion as a codified set of moral beliefs concerning sacred things and rules governing the behaviour of believers who form a sacred community3. Auguste Comte (1798 1857) describes sociology as the study of human societies.4 A classical figure is that, it is a social science that, uses varied methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis,5 and is often employ to develop theory about human social activity. The sociology of religion whence takes into account the aforementioned and also includes the practices, historical backgrounds, developments, universal themes and roles o f religion in society.6 Jones (2003) describes Comte as the first to proclaim the virtues of an empirically based social science,7 a type of sociology that would gain enormous implications for someone like Comte, who had been born during the aftermath of the French Revolution. Bilton et al (1996) explain this further Positive social knowledge could offer the means for peaceful reconstruction of social order by the elite of enlightened scientists and intellectuals genial smorgasbord want not depend upon revolutionary violence and the manipulation of the mob8 Comte was able to view use of the rude(a) science for the progression of society and the re-establishment of order as well as organism able to apply the positive method to social theory9. Comte and his fellow Frenchman Durkheim are said to be the forerunners in creating the discipline of sociology. Thompson (1982) describes Comte as giving the subject its name and an ambitious prospectus, whilst Durkheim gave it, academic cr edibility and influence.10 Functionalist sociologists focus their attention on the nature of foundation garmental relationships in society.11 To understand this further, one rout out use Talcott Parsons functionalist ideas as an guinea pig. Parsons, who supported functionalism in the United States used the functionalist perspective to group institutions in society into four related functional sub-systems economic, political, kinship, and cultural. This theory disquieted the importance of interdependence among all behaviour patterns and institutions within a social system to its long survival. 12 In a similar way Durkheim In arduous to explain the value of social and cultural character, illuminated them in terms of their contri exception to the operation of an overall system. Furthermore, Malinowski, who promoted functionalism in England, endorsed the idea that cultural practices had psychological and physiologic functions, such(prenominal) as the reduction of fear and anxiety , and the satisfaction of desires.13 An some other Englishman Radcliffe-Brown contended that, all instituted practices ultimately contribute to the maintenance, and hence the survival, of the entire social system, determining the character of inter-group relations.14 It is Parsons sub-system of culture that encompasses religion that we now turn to.A functional definition of religion is fundamentally based on the social structure and drawing together of people, it pays leaveicular attention to how religion guides and influences the lives of people who are actively involved, and through this promotes unity and social cohesiveness.15 Durkheim believed and argued that, religion was a socially constructed institution, serving the demand of society by socialising members into the same norms, values and beliefs, therefore reinforcing the collective conscience upon which the stability of society rests.16 He looked in depth at the origins, meaning, and function of religion in society. His belief was that religion was not so much about God, but more about the consolidation of society and the sense of identity that this creates within a particular society.17 He fully believed that individuals who accepted their role within their own society develop a form of social conscience as part of that role, which Durkheim labels as the Conscience collective,18 which in simpler terms could be labelled as, a common understanding.19 Published in 1921 and penned by Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, is renowned as the best-known study on the sociology of religion.20 Using secondary data, Durkheim studied native totemism in autochthonic Australian tribes, in effect the totem is a symbol that is an inviolate part of the group, and during ceremonies will be the magnet that draws everyone together to form a collective whole. therefrom, totemism in this instance is explained not in terms of what it is, what the content of its doctrines and beliefs are but what it does, that is, the function it performs for the social system.21 Durkheim claims that, the totem, the sacred object is a representation, by which society symbolises itself,22 which according to Fulcher and Scott, he believed to be the real basis of social solidarity.23 From his observations Durkheim developed his theory of the sacred and de fix, believing that all things in society dissolve be separated into these distinct categories, as a fundamental dichotomy the sacred and profane are seen as two separate domains or fields. For Durkheim the sacred meant the unity of the group embodied in symbols, as in his example of totems, the profane was more about the mundane or the individual, and less concerned with the group. However the British anthropologist Evans-Pritchard (1937) observed that sacred things may be profane at certain periods, an example he gives is the case of the Azande24, who, when their shrines were not in ritual use, were used as props to rest their spears.25 Thi s analysis of the sacred and the profane was extended to all religions by Durkheim and his followers, making a focus on what is similar about what they each do, and about the integrative functions all these religions perform on their social systems.26 He therefore viewed religion within the context of the entire society and acknowledged its place in influencing the thinking and behaviour of the members of society.27 Furthermore he believed that order flowed from consensus, from the existence of shared norms and values,28 for him the key cause of social upheaval stems from anomie, the lack of regulating norms. Without norms constraining behaviour, explains Durkheim, humans develop insatiable appetites, limitless desires and general feelings of irritation and dissatisfaction.29 Radcliffe-Brown continued Durkheims sociological perspective of society he particularly focused on the institutions of kinship and descent and suggested that, at least in tribal societies, they determined the c haracter of family organization, politics, economy, and inter-group relations.30 Thus, in structural-functionalist thought, individuals are not significant in and of themselves but only in terms of their social status their position in patterns of social relations. When regarding religious ceremonies Radcliffe-Brown contends that ceremonies, for example, in the form of communal dancing, promoted unity and harmony and functioned to enhance social solidarity and the survival of the society, in this he agreed with another renowned anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski.Malinowskis functionalism was highly influential in the 1920s and 1930s, a British anthropologist, he conducted one of the first major studies of religion from an ethnocentric perspective, on the people of the Trobriand Islands.31 The first anthropologist to undertake a long-term piece of field research, Malinowski lived among the Trobriand islanders for four years.32 In studying the functions of religion in a small scale, he agreed with Durkheim that religion reinforced social norms, values and promoted social solidarity.33 Malinowski also believed that religion could relieve social anxiety and could provide a sense of security especially when people are confront with situations in which they have no control, an example Malinowski gives is based on his observation of the Trobriand islanders fishing in a calm lagoon, no religious practice was attached, however when faced with the perils of fishing in the open ocean, religious rituals were everlastingly performed. In this way Malinowski believed humans could exert a perceived control over a population in which they held no significant, individual power.34 This individual, perceived control can be seen to be used by people facing a personal crisis. a good deal in a situation where they have no control over the outcome, people will turn to religion looking for guidance and sanctuary thereby giving them a sense of power.For Malinowski then, religion a lso helped to conciliate periods of life crises and events such as death, marriage and birth, these rituals, known as rites of passage are marked by ceremonies, that by their very nature, are a form of social togetherness that help to create social order and contentment. These rites however can be seen to be controlled in that to a certain extent one is prepared for new life, death and marriage, these events form part the circle of life and therefore come with some prior knowledge. Ceremonies that relate to these life events could be seen as a predictable common bond that will help to reinforce social solidarity. Malinowski argues that religion minimizes the disruption, in particular, of death. He believes that the assertion of immortality gives rise to feelings of comfort for the bereaved, whilst the act of a funeral ceremony binds the survivors together.35 Coser (1977) explains furtherReligion can counter a sense of loss, which, as in the case of death, may be experienced on both the individual and the collective level therefore religion as a social institution serves to give meaning to mans existential predicaments by tying the individual to that supra-individual sphere of transcendent values which is ultimately rooted in his society.36 So far we have seen that collective or communal gatherings are generally aimed at promoting social solidarity and cohesion, this is backed by the empirical evidence offered by Malinowski in his study of the Trobriand Islands. Hamilton (1995) offers that these gatherings can also be interpreted as involving the recognition of divisions, conflict and disharmonies inherent in the society and rituals may be seen as a means of cope with and defusing them.37 Concerning Malinowskis empirical evidence, a contrasting point is noted by Casanova (1995) who questions functionalism on empirical grounds, he argues that religion does not provide consensus and unity, instead he says that most conflicts an example he gives is the Iran/Iraq war in society have religious foundations.38 Marxist sociologists also criticise functionalists on a theoretical level. Marx claims that religion does not create societal consensus, instead it creates conflict between those that have wealth in the ruling class and those that do not in the working class.39 Therefore according to Marx, the only norms and values that are conserved by religion are those of the ruling class. Functionalist theory could therefore be said to neglect the areas in which religion has been dysfunctional for society, whereby religious divisions have caused disruption and conflict rather than promoting social order. History provides numerous examples of this including the aforementioned Iran/Iraq dis fructifye, Northern Ireland and Bosnia. An Extreme functionalist assessment of religion, declares William Stevens, is put forward by American sociologist Robert Bellah. Bellah fuses Parsons argument that America derives its values from Protestantism, with Durkheims belief that the worship of god is the disguised worship of society. From this Bellah develops a new kind of religious concept, that of a civil religion.40 Therefore despite the individual belief systems of American citizens, it is the overarching faith in America that unites Americans. Wallis (198344) cited in Jones, explains that Bellah finds evidence of civil religion in Presidential inaugurations and ceremonials such as Thanksgiving Day and Memorial Day are similarly held to integrate families into the civil religion, or to unify the community around its values.41 A further point to be made here is that generally civil religion does not hold to a belief in the supernatural. Bellah disagrees and says examples of baulk in the supernatural can be seen or heard on a daily basis, phrases such as God Bless America and the wrangle In God we trust on the national currency, he believes are prime examples of this. However Stevens asserts that this is not the god of any particular creed, b ut a god of America. For Bellah then civil religion creates a social cohesiveness by gathering people together to collectively partake in some form of ceremonial event. Therefore flag waving at a sporting event or lining the street to celebrate a kingly marriage or death can bring about a united outpouring of joy or grief that in itself generates order. A modern-day example is the untimely death of Princess Diana. Her funeral witnessed a monumental combining of people, faiths and nations in a symbolic act of grief. Functionalist sociologists tend to emphasize what maintains society, not what compounds it and are criticized for being unable to account for social change because it focuses so intently on social order and equilibrium in society. Functionalists have to take into account that change does happen in societies and that change is a good thing, and can represent progress. Jones says that the functionalist way around this is to use an organic analogy social progress occurs as it does with organisms as an evolutionary change.42 Bilton et al explain that this takes shape in the form of structural distinctiationdifferentiation is a type of splitting or separation of a antecedently undivided unit, the new units differ in that they are more specialised in the functions they perform.43 Talcott Parsons, in his approach to social change, emphasises differentiation. According to Parsons, Institutions change, if the need of the system changes.44 An example of a system change stems from The Industrial Revolution, which was facilitated by capitalism, was increasingly demanding technological advances to increase profit. In order to bump off this possible there was a need for more educated workforces. As a result the industrial economy needed a new form of family to perform these specialist functions. Thus, as one aspect of society changed the economy and production it required a comparable change in the educational system, bringing social life back into equil ibrium. This new modernization of society, explains Marske, is associated with the increasing indifference of the individual from the traditional social bonds of an intimate network of diffuse social relationships. 45 Due to a greater demand in the workforce people from all walks of life came together causing an increase in the cultural diversity within a particular society. As a result individuality became a more prominent feature religion it seems was becoming less social and more personal. Durkheim would disagree with this statement as he believed it was possible to be an individual as well as social institution, he explains, In reality, the religion of the individual is a social institution like all known religions. It is society which assigns us this ideal as the sole common end which is today capable of providing a focus for mens wills.46 Dillon (2003) explains that social scientists and westward intellectuals have been promising the end of Religion for centuries,Comte announ ced that, as a result of modernization, human society was outgrowing the theological stage of social evolution and a new age was dawning which the science of sociology would replace religion as the basis or moral judgements.47 Durkheim predicted the gradual decrease in formal world religions in post-enlightenment society he felt that there would be a greater emphasis on the individual. This he believed would lead to a weakening of ties in the modern world. In addition he envisaged that social solidarity and the collective conscience would be taken up by other institutions that would evolve into new forms of religious experience.48 Furthermore a maturing modernity would see scientific thinking replace religious thinking. As a consequence, Durkheim considered the concept of God to be on the baton of extinction.In its place he envisioned society as promoting civil religion, in which, for example, civic celebrations, parades, and patriotism take the place of church services. If traditi onal religion were to continue, he believed it would do so only as a means to preserve social cohesion and order. Parsons disagrees with this synopsis, with modern life will come structural frameworks that are more competitive and specialised, however they would soothe persist because religion is an adaptable structural framework for the explanation of inexplicable social phenomena.49 A review applied to the functionalists perspective stems from Durkheims analogy that societies and social institutions have personalities.50 To imagine that a society is a living, breathing organism is a difficult concept when in fact it is seen as an inorganic object. This creates what can said to be a philosophical problem and an ontological argument that society does not have needs as a human being does and even if society does have needs they need not be met. The view here is that society is subsisting in the sense that it is made up of living individuals. What is not taken into account is that each individual is a different entity, with their own wants and needs. As part of the unit they can function and integrate within the group as a viable member. However individual life choices may not always create a positive function for the society as a whole. Functionalists in general tend to have a too positive view by believing that everything that exists in society does so because it has some kind of functional purpose. Robert Merton believed that it was entirely plausible for society to have dysfunctional elements.51 Durkheim also recognised that some forms of social life could be seen in the same way, however he did not use the term dysfunctional. In his work on crime, he noted that crime was functional to society, this seems to be a contradiction in that he also said, too high a level of crime efficiency not be functional, because it could create a state of confusion regarding what constitutes the norms that applied to peoples lives. As a society dysfunctional actions, in p articular criminal actions are frowned upon, and as a society we can become mob-handed in the way people come together to condemn an act of crime. Durkheim has a point to make here in that, people combine together, forming a collective cohesion in defining themselves against what they are not.52 Picturing society like a huge machine, Merton argues that a society should best be considered as a cross between the cultural goals of a society-what it holds its members should strive for-and the means that are believed, legally or morally, to be legitimate ways that individuals should attain these goals. In an ideally organized society, the means will be available to deliver all of its members to their goals.53One mustiness take into account when analysing such theories that at the time of writing the world was a very different place to the one we live in today. Social anthropology has come under criticism for looking into primitive societies as a representation of unchanged societies c riticism in particular stems from the lack of historical records that could bear out or deny any findings. Radcliffe-Brown considered this type of work a mistakehis belief was that the religious and ritual systems had to be understood in the context of the existing society and their role in that society.54 One could linger on Durkheims prediction that religion would decrease with modernity, religion here being in reference to the act of attention a social gathering in the worship of some form, whether it be totemic or divine. However an important point to note is that at the time when the Sociology of Religion was in its infancy, religious practice was more of a regular occurrence than one would perhaps find in todays society. However individuals are still irrevocably influenced by the role of religion in their own lives. Their beliefs and values allow them to feel supported in their everyday life religion sets off certain values and infuses them with special significance. Cultur e plays an important part here, as values, customs and beliefs combine to become a moral code by which societies follow to and live by and pass on to future generations. Religion encourages collective worship be it in a church, mosque, temple, home or some other specified gathering place. Through the act of collective worship the individual is encouraged to feel part of a wider community.Today, societies are classed as more lay in their nature, yet if one consider the earlier statement about religion being an important form of social togetherness it would be easy to make analogies with the different groups that make up the society we inhabit. For example schools hold assemblies, awards evenings and performances all which can be seen as an example of community spirit and social cohesion. pile as individuals, have interests outside of their immediate social groupings, this does not make them an outcast or outsider, and instead it promotes a sense of identity, individualism and the self. The writings of sociologists such as Durkheim, Comte, Radcliffe-Brown and Parsons are still important today, especially in comparing the way society sees religion. However, in contemporary society sociologists have a different set of problems to contend with as belief in modern society and materialism for many becomes a more vital moral value than partaking in a religious practice. BIBLIOGRAPHYBeckford, James A. (2003) Social Theory and Religion, (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2003).Bilton et al, Introductory sociology 3rd Edn (Basingstoke Macmillan, 1998).Casanova, Jose, Public Religions in the Modern World (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1995) Christiano, Kevin J., William Swatos Jr Peter Kivisto, Sociology of Religion modern Developments Lanham, 2nd edition (MD Rowman Littlefield publishers, 2008).Comte, Auguste, A Dictionary of Sociology (3rd Ed), John Scott Gordon Marshall (eds), (Oxford OUP, 2005).Coser, Lewis A. Masters of Sociological Thought Ideas in Historical and Social Context, 2nd Ed., (Fort Worth Harcourt twain Jovanovich, Inc., 1977), pp. 136-139,Coser, Lewis A. Masters of Sociological Thought Ideas in Historical and Social Context, 2nd Ed., Fort Worth Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1977 136-139,Dewar, Greg, Religious studies, Philosophy and Ethics, (London Oxford University Press, 2002).Dillon, Michele, Handbook of the sociology of religion (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2003).Durkheim, Emile, The cleavage of Labor in Society. Translated by, George Simpson. (New York Free Press, 1893/1964). Durkheim, Emile, and Coser, Lewis A., The Division of Labor in Society. (Free Press, 1997) Durkheim, Emile. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life A Study in Religious Sociology. Translated by, Joseph Ward Swain. (New York Macmillan, 1915). E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Theories of primitive religion, (Oxford Clarendon press, 1965).Emile Durkheim, Sociology and philosophy (New York free press, 1974). Evans-Pritchard, E. E. So cial Anthropology and Other Essays. ( London,1950).Contains a critique of Radcliffe-Browns functionalism from the perspective of historicism. Fulcher, J. Scott, J. Sociology, (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2003).Giddens, Anthony, Durkheim, (London Harper Collins, 1996).Goldschmidt Walter, Functionalism In Encyclopaedia of Cultural Anthropology, Vol 2. David Levinson and Melvin Ember, (eds) (New York Henry Holt and Company, 1996), p. 510. Hamilton, M, The sociology of religion, 2nd edition (Oxon Routledge, 2001).Hunt, S. Religion in Western Society, (Hampshire Palgrave, 2002).Jones, Pip, Introducing Social Theory, (Cambridge Polity Press, 2003).Jones, Robert Alun., Rules of the sociological method 1895, in Emile Durkheim An intromission to Four Major Works. (Beverly Hills, CA Sage Publications, 1986), pp. 60-81.Macionis, J. Plummer, K. Sociology A Global Introduction (Essex Pearson, 2005).Merton, Robert, Social Theory and Social Structure, (USA Macmillan, 1968), chapter 3. Oren stein, Ashley D. DM, Sociological theory Classical statements 6th edition (Boston Pearson Education, 2005), pp.3-5 32-36.Sociology Quarter, Durkheim as a functionalist, vol 16 no 3 (Summer, 1975), pp 36 -379.Thompson, Kenneth, (1982) Emile Durkheim, (Sussex Ellis Horwood Limited, 1982). Winthrop, Robert H. 1991. Functionalism In Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology (New York Greenwood Press, 1991), p. 130. WEBLIOGRAPHYFunctionalism, in Anthropology and Sociology The Columbia Electronic Encyclopaedia. 2000-2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. http//www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0819881.html (Accessed 18.01.10).Functions OF religion learningat.ke7.org.uk/socialsciences/soc-sci/soc/a2/R. Accessed 14.1.10. CliffsNotes.com. Introduction to Religion. http//www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26927.html. Accessed 10.1.10Chris Livesey, Functionalist perspectives on Durkheim, www.sociology.org.ukMarjolin, Robert French sociology-Comte and Durkheim, University of Chicago press American journal of sociology, vol. 42, no 5 (Mar., 1937), pp693 -704. http//www.jstor.org/horse barn/2767763(Accessed 12.1.10.).Mark Glazer, Functionalism http//www.utpa.edu/faculty/mglazer/theory/functionalism.htm (Accessed 13.12.09). Marske, Charles E, (1987) Durkheims Cult of the Individual and the Moral Reconstitution of Society, Sociological Theory, Vol. 5, No. 1, (American Sociological Association, 1987), pp. 1-14. http//www.jstor.org/stable/201987. Accessed 17.01.10.The Azande, http//lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7829 (Accessed 15/1/10).William J. Stevens, Religion A Functionalist Assessment, http//www.helium.com/items841304-religion-a-functionalist-assessment. (Acces

Consideration of baseline in EIA

Consideration of baseline in EIAConsideration of baseline in EIAChapter one Introduction 1.1 EIA and Baselineenvironmental impact judgement, EIA was developed in stray to provide decision makers with an understanding of the environmental consequences of a proposed development. It provides knowledge on the nature and extent of impacts arising from the construction and feat of proposed stands. This is presented in environmental reports that contain information required by the EIA directives. These required information may include a description of the proposed project, an outline of main project alternatives, description and assessment of aspects of environment likely to be significantly affected by the proposed development and a description of measures established to manage significant unfortunate effects on the environment. A key element of EIA is to provide adequate description of the current environment condition, otherwise referred to as baseline assessment. They atomic numb er 18 very much referred to as the environmental setting, existing conditions, affected environment, background environment, environmental conditions, environmental receptors, and baseline info (Shepherd, 2006, Canter 1996, Eccleston, 2001). The need for its consideration in EIA is a subject area raised by several look intoers (Wood 2003, Glasson et al., 2005, Carroll and Turpin 2009, Lawrence 2003, Morris and Therivel 2009, Wathern, 1992). For them baseline can be regarded as the main support for the EIA process, which identifies existing environmental conditions and relevant potential areas that may be affected by a proposed project. The importance of baseline is in any case manifested in EU regulations. It is moreover set in EIA directives (schedule 4, part 11) that the current environmental conditions of the ingest area, its possible future evolution and technical deficiencies/ limitation experienced while carrying out the study should be reported in an environmental state ment.Studies (Wathern 1992, Glasson et al., 2005 Andre et al., 2004, Wood, 2007) revealed that despite its utilizations and benefits in the EIA process, the aspects of baseline considered remains substandard. Questions on the definition, methodology, specific aspects to be considered, remain an issue. 1.2 Contextual reviewBaseline is a preliminary step in the EIA process which is employ in the UK through the Town and Country planning (SI 1999 N0 293) Regulations 1988 and the subsequent 1999, 2000, 2006, 2008 amendments. Theories have revealed though it is recognized that collection of appropriate and sufficient, baseline data can be time consuming and expensive. In spite of this, the value of this information can produce a significant out add on the caliber of the overall EIA process.1.3 The enquiryThis research intends to address the subject of baseline in EIA process. It will look specifically at the bring of baseline on the EIA process. It begins by describing the origins and principle of EIA with circumstance reference to its legislative beginnings, secondly, the issue of good quality baseline and impellingness of EIA is discussed, research approach is past outlined and the findings of the studies are presented and analysed. The findings of the research are considered in comparison with the belles-lettres, with reference to its more substantive purposes before drawing conclusions and possible recommendations. Moreover, there has been limited investigation to date on baseline and how it influences the out come of EIA process in practice. It is therefore expected that this dissertation would add to the knowledge on baseline and make recommendations on baseline implementation in EIA process.1.4 heading Overall blueprint isTo determine how baseline influence EIA process decision making and promote the importance of baseline in EIA process.1.5 Research questions and Hypothesis In order to pursue the aim identified above, a set of research questions ha ve been developed which when answered enable the research aims to be achieved. Responding to this question is the focus of the dissertation.Questions to be answered include How are baseline currently addressed in ES? Does adequate baseline study influence EIA decision making process?For this research the hypothesis has been formulated thatGood baseline quality contributes to effectiveness of the EIA processThe formulation of this hypothesis was influenced by the EIA regulation requirement for baseline information and too limited knowledge on baseline influence in EIA decision making process.1.5 Dissertation buildingBased on the research aims and hypothesis the structure of the dissertation is divided into seven chapters and is set as follows Chapter 1 IntroductionThe dissertation begins with an introductory part to set out an overview of EIA process, explaining how the baseline fits into the EIA process. The research aim is then identified and hypothesis is formulated and justifie d for the purpose of this research. A brief sum-up of the research approach and contents of subsequent chapters are then revealed.Chapter 2 MethodologyThis chapter outlines the research methodology, the parameters of the literature search, selection of relevant information and research limitations. Provides details of evaluation framework developed to analyse the chosen environmental statements, relevant planning files and interview approach and structure.Chapter 3 Background Following the methodology, this chapter sets out a literature review as the backbone of this research. The structure of the literature review is based on EIA and baseline. It starts by examining the concept of EIA and it various steps attention is based more on how baseline fits into the overall EIA process.Chapter 4 Criteria for effective EIA process and good practice baseline This chapter sets out the first stage of the methodology. It explores the terms used in developing the research hypotheses i.e. effect ive EIA and good quality baseline in order to develop a checklist for the review. This was achieved by information from various researchers who have studied EIA effectiveness and good practice baseline and also notes from existing guidance documents and existing EIA/EIS review criteria.Chapter 5 Presentation of pull up stakes and analysis This chapter Outlines presentation of results and analysis of the interviews and reviews of EISs. Details on results and findings of the 3 research are then discussed, linking the theoretical perspectives and frameworks discussed to that of practice.Chapter 6 ConclusionFinally, the conclusion is drawn whilst connecting the research hypothesis and literature review to the content of the dissertation, limitation is outlined and recommendations are drawn.Appendices germane(predicate) appendices of supporting information follow a bibliography of information sources. Appendix A lists acronyms used in this research,Appendix B lists EIA directive requir ements of information to be presented on the ES. Appendix C lists the summary of the four statements reviewed, a summary of the interview together with their individual responses are attached as appendix D. A summary of the findings of the review are then attached as appendix E.1.7 Relevance of the research topic to course of studyThe course of study Environmental assessment and management deals with natural resource management and planning. Specifically, management of the environment and project coordination.EIA was introduced as an environmental management tool its purpose and principle plays an important role in planning system of UK environment. It involves assessment of a specific environment to identify impacts and develop measures of controlling the impacts that may occur as a result of a proposed development in order to enhance the environment. Baseline is an initial step in the EIA. There have been numerous questions on how EIA achieves its primary purposes. In this case, i t is important to evaluate baseline which is one of the initial steps to highlight how it helps achieve its purposes.In general, the course aims to provide student with an understanding of principles methods and procedure in EAM. EIA is central to environment assessment and management. Hence, it is evident that the research topic is relevant to the course of study and its proposed aim is expected to be achieved.1.8 OverviewIn summary, the EIA regulation indicates that the data required for any project which is likely to generate significant environmental effects must be assessed and stated in an environmental statement. In addition, the influence of baseline on outcome of EIA is limited. This research sets out to address this issue. For this purpose, research aim and hypothesis have been developed, to set out research questions in order to identify a focus of the research. A methodology adopted for this purpose is exposed in the next chapter. Drawing generalization from research inv estigation and providing information for subsequent replication of studies, suggestions are made about the types of information to include when describing baseline conditions in this research.

Analysis Of Luxury Hotel Emirate Palace

psychoanalysis Of Luxury Hotel Emirate castlingIntroductionThe Emirate palace is the most luxurious hotel in Abu Dhabi creation the second seven star hotel of the world. Construction of the hotel is d matchless with the maximum possible standards of comfort and luxury. It is built in 1000 hect atomic number 18s of beautiful landscapes. Infrastructure of the hotel is extremely commendable with every the facilities. It has 20 different places for culinary delights, vast parking place, 2 helipads, 300 cortege, 90 suits, 48 meeting room, and a huge assembly centre. The direct of various dish ups allowd by the hotel is of very high reference. (Minghetti., 2003)Some of the major assists in the hotel industry atomic number 18 the node service of butt againsts, room work, layout services, case services etc. These services aim believe a great importance in the cordial reception industry and even more for a hotel like Emirate palace. Providing considerably guest serv ices in the hotel industry is the most precise objective to remain competitive and profitable in the gigantic run of the business. guest service is a very signifi put upt facet of the hospitality industry. Customers of hotels need the employees to fulfill their various requirements and thus keep on interacting with them all the time during their mollify in the hotel. (Fitzsimmons., 1999)Tourism is an important sector of the UAE and thus the hospitality and tourism industry is flourishing and competitive there. in that respect argon a large number of hotels in Abu Dhabi which fulfils all the requirements of location, accommodation and bud fall of the guests. To gain a competitive edge in the market it is advisable for a hotel to work rigorously for the improvement of the customer services. Providing exceptional customer service is a very critical issue for the hospitality industry. Customers of hotels expect a good level of service from the hotel employees and if non earmarkd than they whitethorn often feel dissatisfied just now if they are given better service than the expectations they behind be made feel special and important for the hotel and can make sure that during the next visit in the city they exit stay in the same hotel. The main objective of good customer service is bringing the customers back. This can be done if the level of service provided to the customer is good enough to satisfy him so that he should a own around a peremptory feedback about the hotel that will attract more customers to the hotel. The main focus of customer services is the customer satisfaction to gain retention by do strong and long term relations. (Dominici., 2010)Following figure show the service blueprint of a luxury hotelMission and Vision of Emirate palaceThe mission of the hotel is to provide clients the most exclusive and ridiculous experiences.The strategic vision of the Emirate Palace is to serve as a worlds most luxurious hotel and leisure destinat ion and to lead the industry. another(prenominal) vision of the hotel is to contribute in making Abu Dhabi the centre of cultural activities of the Middle East and Emirate Palace a milestone in the country which can phalanx near(prenominal) prestigious sporting event in Abu Dhabi.Customer processs in Emirate PalaceFollowing are the main customer services offered in the Emirate PalaceHotel arriere pensees Emirate Palace has a very nice zeal to make reservations in the hotel. It has an online reservation portal where customer can make say bookings for their stay in the hotel. Customer can similarly check the status of avail energy of rooms on the future dates when he wants to visit the hotel. M both online fee options are available on the meshsite for the convenience of the customer to choose payment option which suits them the most. Reservation portal also gives many offers on the advance booking of rooms. (Dhabi.)Meetings and Conferences The Emirate Palace has 48 confere nce rooms, a large conference centre, a ballroom with a capacity of 2400 invitees, a huge auditorium able to accommodate 1100 seats. These meeting and conference halls are best suitable for a gathering of 1000 people or a private confidential meeting of 10 people. The conference rooms have projectors, LCD screens, microphones, Wi-Fi data outline and audio and image conference musical arrangement preinstalled. (Dhabi.)Guest Relations Emirate Palace utilize to provide high level of customer service to the guests of the hotels. It is one of the most superior hotels in the world so the list of the hotel guests is also very exclusive. After getting pampered with the world gradation customer service the customers are welcomed to provide an honest feedback about their stay in the hotel. This feedback is helpful in maintaining long term relationship with the customers. (Dhabi.)Membership The hotel provides the facility of membership with the group. This membership facility is very s erviceable in case of urgent bookings in the hotel. Members of the hotel are the customers who used to visit the hotel more often. This facility is the eudaimonia of the long term relationship between the hotel and its customers. The members of the hotel are given priority in case of unavailability of enough vacancies in the hotel.Comments/Suggestions Collecting feedback from the customers is a critical issue for providing the best customer services in the industry. Words from the customers are very important for the hotel. These feedbacks are used to improve the quality of service if required. cut through Visas for UAE UAE is the main place of attraction for the tourists all around the globe. Tourism is an important industry in the UAE and people used to visit UAE both for work and fun. The hotel helps its customers to provide transition visas for the UAE during their stay in the country. Acquiring visas is the most time consuming project for a visit in a foreign country. Thi s herculean task is made easy for the customers by the Emirate Palace by providing them the transit visas for the UAE. The Emirate Palace get transit visas of 14 daylights issued for the customers within 7 working days. (Transit Visas for the get together Arab Emirates)Events Calendar Schedule of the coming events in Abu Dhabi, UAE and Emirate Palace is available on the website of the hotel. This schooling can be very helpful for the customers of the hotel to make reservation soce if they want to attend a accredited event in the hotel. The event calendar is used for getting information about the latest events going to be held at the hotel. (Dhabi.)IT Butler Service Till now the Emirate Palace used to provide a personal butler for every room and suite but now the butler service has taken a step ahead and the hotel is providing an IT butler for private consultation. This IT butler service is 247 facilities for IT assistance and support of the customer. Emirate Palace is used t o host many conferences and workshops for many IT companies.Online Printing In case a customer needs printed copy of rough of his document then he does not have to go to a printer to get his document printed. The Emirate Palace provides the service of online printing. The customer has to upload the electronic copy of the document on the web portal of the hotel and order it for printing. Nominal charges are applicable on printing of documents. This service adds value to the customer services provided by the hotel. (Dhabi.)Leisure Healthcare The hotel has eternal leisure and recreational facilities available. The hotel has health spa, fitness suites, energy zone, tennis and paddle programs for health and fitness of the customers. Many water sports activities are facilitated by the hotel where the customers can make merry the thrill of the open sea. Sarab Land is a children playground well equipped with slides and swings and many child activities organized by the beach club. (Dha bi.)Analysis of Customer Service Operations in Emirate PalaceService operation management is all bout the process by which organization produce services which are useful for the customer. Operation management takes care of managing the process of production of services. The process of transformation of input resources in the output of services is called an operation. (JPC Media LLC )The operation process of transforming inputs into outputs certainly adds some value (apart from the cost of input) to the final product or service which is called the value added to the service.The Emirate Palace provides a very high level of service to its customer. This level of service can be produced only if the organization incorporates a service operation management which keeps a watch on the process of production of services. Various customer services in the Emirate Palace are discussed above and here these services are being analyzed on the framework of service operation management. (JPC Media LL C )Hotel Reservation In the Emirate Palace the hotel reservation frame is a customer service. In the operation of this service the inputs given are the web portal for the reservation system where the queries for the availability of rooms on are asked, and information (like number of rooms, number of guests, adults or children, date of reservation) from the customer is also required. another(prenominal) input is the payment options for the advance booking.The transformation process of this service includes the changes in the database of the hotel reservation system. The database provides the results of the queries made by customer regarding the vacancy of room on the given date. The process of reservation also includes the transaction of amount for the reservation made in the hotel.Output from the transformation process is the customer service for making advance reservations in the hotel. The process provides information about the availability of rooms or suites on the particular d ate when customer wants it. The process also provides the information about all the types of rooms and suites in the hotel, their specifications, facilities in the rooms, and charges of the rooms. Using this information customer can choose the type of room and services they need. After making the payments for the reservation customer can get his room booked in the hotel on the desired date. (JPC Media LLC )Meetings Conferences The Emirate Palace is one of the best venues for government conference and summits. Meetings and conferences of many multinational companies are arranged at the conference rooms and auditorium of the hotel. The input in the operation of this facility are the space of the meeting rooms, gadgets like the LCDs, microphones, projectors, other services like, Wi-Fi internet, audio or video conferencing systems. These additional services act as input of this customer service. Another input is the piece of information provided by the customer about his requirements of the meeting or conference rooms.Transformation process of the above input gadgets and services into the desired output of the service include a some steps. Conference rooms or auditorium are booked for various purposes. So first of all the requirements of the customer are studied and an estimation of the budget is given to the customer. If the customer needs any changes then the budget is revised otherwise next step that is installation of the extra facilities like Wi-Fi, projectors, LCDs are done in conference rooms and the rooms are ready and well furnished for the meetings going to held there.Successful business meetings and government conferences and summits without any disturbance or interrupt due to some lacking(p) equipment or service are the output of this service operation. Satisfied customer is the intangible and most important outcome from the operation. (JPC Media LLC )Guest Relations Emirate Palace is one of the few hotels which provide seven star facilities to it s customers. So the list of guests of the hotel becomes very exclusive as many government official, Hollywood stars, and sports star used to visit the hotel. The input in the service operation is the guests and the employees of the hotel.The process of the operation involves the interaction between the customers and the employees of the hotel. Guests used to keep on communicating with the hotel staff during all the hours of the day and the response of the staff plays a crucial role in the process of transforming inputs in the desired output. The hotel staff is well trained in the field of hospitality and fulfills all the needs of the guests of the hotel.The output of this service operation is the long term relationship with the customers. A happy guest with the facilities of the hotel will give a positive feedback of the customer services of the hotel. Apart from the positive feedback another important output will be the next stay of the guest in the hotel. Managing healthy and long term relations with the guests is important in the retention of the customers. (JPC Media LLC )Transit Visas for UAE Emirate Palace helps its customers in getting the temporary tourist visas of the UAE. Input for the service operation is the customers documents, and charges of the visa. These are the requirements for getting the transit visa for UAE for the customers of Emirate Palace.The process of the service operation involves many steps as it has to go through a government protocol which is a bit time consuming but less than what it takes to get a transit visa directly from UAE embassy. Processing of the visa application takes at least(prenominal) 7 working days. The issuance of visas is under control of the Immigration department of Abu Dhabi.Transit visa valid for 14 days from the day of arrival in UAE is the output of the transformation process. A scanned copy on the mail of the customer is sent as soon as the visa is approved. The customer can run across the original cop y of the visa from the Immigration office at the UAE airport. (Transit Visas for the United Arab Emirates)IT Butler Service Personal butler service for each room is being provided by many hotels and is not enough for the Emirate Palace so has decided providing a perfect hospitality service according to day todays requirements of the customers. Input in this service is the employee of the hotel who is well trained in the hospitality business and in IT skills as well.The process of service operation is the culture of the staff for the role of IT butler. They are trained to solve IT related problems of the customers.Solution of the IT issues of the customers is the output of the operation. The IT butler helps the customers in setting up their office network, companys VPN, or any handy issue with some technical tool or application. The IT butler is available 247 for the service of the customers.Analysis of Supply Chain counselingPrecisely speaking Supply Chain Management is a set of approaches utilized to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and stores, so that merchandise is produced at the discipline quantity, to the right location and at the right time, minimizing the cost and modify the service quality. This definition of Supply Chain Management depicts that each and every facility plays an important role in making the product according to customers requirement. The provide chain in the hotel industry is used to provide the best service in the industry to the customers. The Supply chain of the Emirate Palace is designed with a certain objective of each link in the chain. Designing the right service for the customer with flexibility should be delivered to the customer in appropriate quantity, at the right time when he customer really needs it should be provided at the minimal cost. (Supply Chain Management)In the Emirate Palace various decisions are made at times at different levels of management for the advancement in the customer services. Long term decisions are made at the strategic level. Issues like ambience of the rooms and suites, type of customer services etc are decided at the strategic level. Decisions regarding the customer services like what services to provide, how to provide, what should be cost of a particular service etc are taken at this level.Medium term decisions like the menu of the week, theme of a particular party, other offer on services, duty of the hotel staff etc are taken at this level of the chain. The operational level is to take day to day decisions like the attire of the staff, celebrity guest of the day etc. There is a very thin line between the functions of tactical and operational level.Inventory management and Customer service hold a trade off with each other. If the hotel staff start being very rigid with their inventory management system then they will not be able to provide the level of customer service they are providing currently. The Emirate Palace provides a very high level of customer services which will not be possible if the hotel management is more concerned about the stocks in the inventory rather than the customer satisfaction. (Supply Chain Management)Electronic Operations at Emirate PalaceThe Emirate Palace provides many services to the customer. These services are the measure of customer satisfaction with the hotel. The hotel Management use to manage most of their tasks using technologically advanced resources these operations are also called electronic operations. The major electronic operations of the hotel are the following (Minghetti., 2003)Reservation SystemThe Reservation System of the hotel is only web based. A web portal is provided for the customers to check the availability of rooms on particular dates and make reservations if available. There the customers can also look at the images of the different types of rooms and suites of the hotel and choose one of them for their stay in the hotel. Payments are also done online via c redit card and many other payment options. The payment link is provided extra web security for security reasons of the customers. Overall the reservation system of the Emirate Palace is a value added service operation of the hotel.Online PrintingThere is another facility of online printing provided for the customers of the hotel. This facility can be availed by a customer if he has a meeting early in the morn and he needs hard copies of some of his documents of which he has electronic copy. Customer can go to the website of the hotel and click on the link of online printing. Now he can upload the soft copy of his document and order it for printing. The print outs cost nominal printing charges. (Transit Visas for the United Arab Emirates)ATMsThe electronic operations of the Emirate Palace include all the electronic services provided by the hotel. There are three ATM machines in the hotel from where customers can make transactions in case if they need bullion amount.Internet Facilit yThe Emirate Palace also provides internet facilities to the customers. All the rooms and suites have a Wi-Fi internet connection of 20 mbps. This complementary line is spread in all parts of the hotel. On special demand of the customers a broad line of 80 mbps Wi-Fi internet connection is provided which has additional charges.SWOT Analysis of the Emirate PalaceStrengthsExclusive service and features and high brand value.Patronage of the high profile clients thus maintained profits.WeaknessesExtremely heavy cost of rooms so 50% rooms vacant every year.Exclusive and the quality service cost very high.OpportunitiesReduction in prices may attract more guests.ThreatsAnother 5 star hotel Burj-Al-Arab is a major competitor.Profits might get reduced because of the global economic melt down.Business Process Map of the Emirate PalaceBusiness process mapping is a methodology to improve the performance and efficiency of the organization by improving the process steps in the manner of speaking of product or service. The business process of the delivery of customer services in the Emirate Palace is depicted in the figure below (Business Process Modeling)CustomerOrder for ServiceApologize for delay and ask for time.Deliver Service to customerUpdate Service customer Database DatabaseService booked for the customerYesforward-moving order to Inventory ManagementNoCheck time to make availableAvailable?Processing orderCheck AvailabilityThe notations of the various figures are different in the above flow chart of the business process of the.Decision pointActivitiesActionsEventsService Quality ManagementQuality of the service is the ability of satisfying customer needs and meets his expectations consistently. It is the duty of the hotel staff and employees to provide the level of service which is up to the mark or even better than their expectations. The Emirate Palace is a seven star hotel so the quantity of customer service will be obviously large. But the quality of service t hey provide should be tested on various dimensions. (Dominici., 2010)Dimensions of QualityThe dimensions of quality arePerformance The services provided by the hotel are very exclusive. The innovation tem of the hotel has worked hard to provide the customers with the unique customer services.Aesthetics Customer services provided by the Emirate Palace are very lucrative and well designed. The reservation system of the hotel is very user friendly i.e. any newbie can use the portal and book a room for him.Special Features Each and every customer service of the Emirate Palace has certain unique and special feature in it. Like most seven star hotels provide a private butler for every room and suites. But the Emirate Palace is providing a private IT butler for every room and suite. The job of this butler will be to help the customers with the IT related problems.Conformance All the customer services of the Emirate Palace are up to the mark of the expectations of the customer.Reliability T he consistent performance of certain customer services in the Emirate Palace is doubtful. Like the IT butler service. (Dominici., 2010) metier The services offered by the hotel seem to have a long useful life. All the services provided to the customers today will be also are needed by the future customers of the hotel.The following figure shows the Gap Model of the Service QualityTotal Cost of QualityFailure Cost This cost of quality is the cost of defective and faulty parts of service. The failure cost of quality of the customer services will be high for the hotel. This cost is further categorize in two typesInternal Failure Cost This is he cost when the fault in the service is find before the launch of the service. Some employees of the hotel must have gone under training of IT skills for doing the job of IT butler.External Failure Cost All the cost incurred to determine and repair the fault of the service which is detected after it is offered to the customer.Appraisal Cost Thi s is the cost paid to ensure that the quality of service is maintained during the use of it. Like the cost of maintenance of the database of the hotel reservation system because if the database or the system crashes then one of the most important customer service of the hotel will be finished.Prevention Cost This cost is paid for the training planning of total quality, customer satisfaction, and quality improvement costs so that defect can be prevented. A separate team of innovation and customer service is always working for the improvement in the current services and remove the faults if any.The Emirate Palace has received the Environment Management System ISO 14001 2004 Certification of cordial reception Services.Recommendations SuggestionsThe Emirate Palace provides a wide range of customer services to its guests. Most of these services are value added and costs pretty high for the hotel. The reservation system of the hotel is a wonderful customer services but there are some i mprovements required in the system so that it can be more valuable for the customers. Reservations made on the web portal cannot be withdrawn later if the customer has any case of urgency. Full amount of the payment is throw overboard by the hotel. If a customer has booked a room advance in 1 month but on the day of reservation he got stuck with some important work than the instead of forfeiting the whole amount a particular percentage of the payment should be deducted and the rest should be transferred back. The process of providing transit visas of the UAE is a bit time consuming so the hotel management must try to reduce the time taken in the process.ConclusionsThe Emirate Palace is one of the worlds few seven star hotels providing excellent level of customer services. These customer services are produced by passing through various processes of service development. Operation management, process design, service supply chain strategies, and service quality management. All these fr ameworks and tools are helpful for the improvement of services. Developing a service involves 3 phase of grownup input, process transformation, and obtaining output. Each service is the output if this process. This objective behind these high levels of services is customer satisfaction. In the hospitality industry the guests should be treated to make hem feel special. Every customer has a certain level of expectations from the service provider and if the service provided does not live up to the expectations of the customer then the customer will never come back to buy the service again. But a satisfied customer is always necessary for spreading the enounce of mouth about the quality of service of the business. So an organization must always vigorously strive to provide customer services to the guests so that they get satisfied and give a positive feedback of the organization.

Accomplishments :: essays papers

AccomplishmentsI have not had a single accomplishment that is worth writing near but I olfactory sensation that my college completion get out be one accomplishment that I will be most proud. I feel that I am taking one step forward in life that will make me become a more successful person. My High take life has facilitateed shape the way for my college experiences that I will face. My senior year in high school is not the same as some(prenominal) other(a) high school students. I am taking many advanced classes to help me prepare for college. These classes help me better understand exactly how much harder I must work to succeed. From my college experience, I hope to gain many things. Obviously college is a time that students can truly become individuals. When I attend college I will have the opportunity to become more independent and to take on new responsibilities. I have always relied on my parents for support, but at college I will be on my own and will have to push myself harder. This will help me to become more mature and will help me grow in character. I have long awaited for the time to be independent and now is the time that I shall prove myself. Right now I have a fairly accurate idea concerning what I want to do with my life. My love for computers has taken me a long way and I have a strong feeling that I will continue in the field of computer science. Yet, I am also aware that I may change my mind several times before I begin a career. College will introduce me to new and various things, and I will develop new interests from this exposure. The world of technology is changing rapidly and computers seem like the best way to go. When I combine that and my love for computers I am almost certain that the field of computer science is right for me. In college, I will also be exposed to new clubs and activities. I feel that club and after school activities can make a person more involved and give a person the right qualities to become a leader. Involvement in extra events has provided a balance for rigorous course study. With the pressures that college brings, I will probably want to be involved in many groups.

Poes The Masque (Mask) of the Red Death :: Mask Masque Red Death Essays

The Masque of Red Death           People dont really have that much in common, but they do have one big liaison in common, that is death.  Death is the one thing that no one can stop.  The short story The Masque of Red Death, by Edger Allen Poe shows how that statement is true.  Poe was a gay who had had many experiences with a disease that killed many people in his demeanor, in his story The Masque of Red Death, he uses a lot of symbolic messages to dribble his views and feelings on that disease.           Edger Allan Poe stated out with a home life that wasnt very stable.  His blood father left when Poe was about one.  His mother was an actress that moved Poes sister, brother , and himself almost a lot.  Then when he was three she died of tuberculoses.  After his mothers death Poe was separated from his sister and brother.           Poe was sent to the Allen family.  Then when Poe was in his early twenties Mrs. Allen likewise died of tuberculoses.  At the age of twenty-six Poe married his cousin Virginia.  She later died of tuberculoses.  His brother died of tuberculoses also.           In The Masque of Red Death, Poe uses color as a symbol.  He used the colourise red, blue, purple, green, orange, white, violet, and black.  In the story red stand for the death that comes over everyone in the story. In Poes life it stands for the diseases that has killed everyone important to him, tuberculoses.  Blue is the color of the first room, in Poes life it is supposed to be him.  The second room in the story is the color purple, this color is for Poes mother.  Then there is a green room, this room is for his brother.  There was also an orange room for Poes foster mother, Mrs. Allan.  The white room was for his wife Virginia, and the violet room f or her death.  Last there was the black room, which was for Poes death.           What is time?  Is time something that people and made up ?  Poe seems to think that it means life.  In the story a clock symbolizes life. In the story every time the clock would time the hour the party would stop,