Importance of Empathy in Patient Care

Importance of Empathy in Patient Care Introduction Carl Rogers defines empathy (as cited in Patterson, 1977) as the ability to accurately perceive the internal frame of reference of another person, as if one were with the other person. That is to say that if you could actually feel the emotions of another, without going through the physical experience. This definition however, has been challenged. What another person experiences at a certain moment is not directly given. However, the presence of the other is directly given and so is the awareness that the other is experiencing self. This cannot be compared with other modesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦of experience. The experience of another is unique. This means that the other modes of experiencing only are of partial help in explaining how the subjective becomes intersubjective. It also means that there is no doubt about who is experiencing primarily, and who is sharing or experiencing the experience of another. (Stein, E. 1989). These two definitions however different, are both used today in managing of patient care in the medical profession. This paper will briefly explore both definitions and will attempt to show sides of this complex subject. The research done for this paper will deal mostly with physician-patient and nurse/care provider-patient interactions. The goal of this paper is to show the importance of the role of empathy in pr oviding quality patient care. Causes Those physicians and medical educators who advocate empathy in the physician-patient encounters, suggest that physicians who engage empathetically with patients increase not only the patients sense of satisfaction but also patient  compliance with therapeutic regimens and increased physiological well-being. (Kim, Kaplowitz and Johnston, 2004). The persistent objection to empathy in the medical community comes from concern that empathy interferes with scientific and medical objectivity. What practitioners need are the skills to use their emotional responses for therapeutic impact. In the interpersonal realm, emotions are crucial of understanding reality. An awareness of ones associations and emotional resonances as cues to understanding the particular meanings that a symptom or diagnosis has for an individual. (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2001). Both of there outlooks are important to good patient care. You can put yourself in the patients shoes and somewhat imagine what they are going through, while at the same time being straight forward and real about the diagnosis. The question for many medical educators remains whether empathy, no matter how valuable or carefully reconfigured, can be taught. The problem of empathy begins with the preoccupation with self that obscures the other. Jerome Lowenstein (Can You Teach Compassion? P16) sees case presentations as the opportunity for clinicians to teach nurses empathy by encouraging them to describe patients more fully as persons with intersecting social, psychological and medical histories, rather than reductively and disparagingly in terms of disorders, addictions and disease. Training in continuing care will be of little value without doctors who know something of the life of the people whom they serve; who can empathize with immigrants from Asia and Mexico, with southern or ghetto experience; and who knew of the Holocaust and of communist oppression. (Spiro, 1992). Empathy depends on the experiences and imagination of the person who is  empathizing and this dependency have the potential to exclude the patients suffering and the meaning the patient makes of suffering. Application The following story is a true-life experience that I encountered while working for Gambro Health Care in Jackson, Michigan as a patient care technician. Gambro Health Care (Now DaVita) is an outpatient dialysis unit. Dialysis is the treatment for patients who suffer from end stage renal failure (kidney failure). While checking a patients vital signs and asking him how he was feeling, the patient told me how much he hated coming to dialysis and how draining the process was. He talked to me about the constant observation of his fluid intake, taking all the medications that were required for his condition and the cramping he experienced while on the dialysis machine. I could only empathize with this young man, who was my age, putting myself mentally in his shoes. Because of the experience I had with dialysis patients, I learned how to listen to each patient story. Many of these patients had no one else to listen to them. I saw these patients for four hours, three days a week. I spent a lot of time with them over the years that they received their treatments. While I was talking with the patient, the nephrologist (kidney doctor) came by on his rounds of the patients. The patient proceeded to tell the doctor, his eyes full of tears, that he was thinking of terminating his dialysis treatments. The doctor proceeded to tell the patient, rather loudly, they if he terminated treatment he would be dead in a few days. Without even taking the time to sit down with the patient, the doctor left and went on to another patient. Needless to say, I was outraged. After a few moments, I asked our unit director why the doctor was so tactless and arrogant.   So many patients each day that he is only giving proper diagnosis and alternatives if treatment is not followed. At that particular time, I figured out that I must take time to listen to those patients, every one of them because I could be the difference between a decision for life or death. Impressions Even those4 health care practitioners who consciously privilege their patients experiences find themselves caught in a knot of power relations. The physician is always in power in the medical context, and such power subsumes even deliberate attempts to displace authority by acknowledging the patients subjectivity (The Doctor, 1991). To be ethical, clinical empathy must involve action, beginning with recognizing the broader social context of the patients health and well-being. With appropriate cautions, theories of clinical empathy should extend beyond the individual relation to socially determined inequities in health care. Conclusion Empathy is a necessary ingredient for both doctor and nurse in the application of good patient care. Good communication between a doctor and patient whether good news or bad, should always be given in an empathetic manner. The ability to not only give good scientific reasoning or diagnosis to a patient. However, to give it in a manner that just does not give the facts, but also a feeling of I care about what youre going through and I will do all I can to help. As for nurses, our hands-on approach to the patient in need, gives us a chance to some what feel what they are going through and to be empathetic about their situation.

Essay on the Perfect Women of As You Like It and Much Ado About Nothing

The Perfect Women of As You Like It and Much Ado About Nothing  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Rosalind and Beatrice, the principal female characters of Shakespeare's As You Like It and Much Ado About Nothing respectively, are the epitome of Shakespeare's ideal woman. From these two characters, we can see personality traits and characteristics of what Shakespeare might have considered the perfect woman. Rosalind and Beatrice are characterized by their beauty, integrity, strength of character, intelligence, gaiety, seriousness, and warmth.    Shakespeare used Rosalind and Beatrice to portray his belief that the ideal woman is a woman of beauty. In the play As You Like It, poems were written to Rosalind by her lover Orlando praising her beauty and fairness. "All the pictures fairest lined are but black to Rosalind. Let no face be kept in mind but the fair of Rosalind."1 Phebe, another female character in this play, had a crush on Rosalind when she was disguised as Ganymede, a young boy in the forest. Obviously, this love was merely physical; Phebe was just attracted to Rosalind's good looks. Beatrice is also a fair lady. Men were attracted to her, including Don Pedro, the prince of Arragon, who asked for her hand in marriage. Benedick, whom she married in the last scene, must have been attracted to Beatrice's beauty as well, because he swore to himself that the woman he would choose would have to be fair (II, iii, 29-33). Shakespeare's ideal woman was one of integrity and strength of character as seen in Rosalind and Beatrice. Rosalind is virtuous. According to Monsieur Le Beau, a noble of the court in As You Like It, "... the people praise her for her virtues ... " (III, 284). Rosalind is described by Stanley Wells as "the full... ...terary Characters. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1963. Magill, Frank N., ed. "Much Ado About Nothing." Masterplots Vol. VII. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Salem Press, 1949. O'Connor, Evangeline M. Who's Who and What's What in Shakespeare. New York: Evangel Books, 1978. Schoenbaum, S. As You Like It--An Outline-Guide to the Play. New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1965. Scott, Mark W., ed. "As You Like It." Shakespeare Criticism. Vol. V. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Co., 1987. Scott, Mark W., ed. "Much Ado About Nothing." Shakespeare Criticism. Vol. VIII. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Co., 1989. Shakespeare, William. The First Folio of Shakespeare: The Norton Facsimile. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1968. Wells, Stanley. "William Shakespeare." British Writers, Vol. I. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1979.

Developmentally appropriate and child-centered curricula

Ensuring that curriculum in early childhood education is both developmentally appropriate and child-centered involves educators making decisions about the most relevant content to include in the curriculum based on the needs, interests and capabilities of the learners. Developmental psychologists such as Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget, have done extensive work in describing the cognitive changes that children go through throughout their lifetime. Knowledge of these changes is important in guiding decisions about curricula content, material and activities.Piaget proposed that each child moves progressively through each of four stages of cognitive development as they mature physically. These are the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational periods. At the early childhood level a child is in the sensorimotor and preoperational stages which lasts between ages zero (0) to two (2) years old and two (2) to seven (7) years respectively. Children first â€Å"le arn about their surroundings by using their senses and motor skills†.  (Slavin, 2000, p. 33).Edwards (2005) believes that these stage-based characteristics that Piaget has identified are important starting points for curriculum design as educators need to have a clear understanding of the characteristics of learners before any decision can be made about what curricula content to deliver to them. In designing an early childhood curriculum Jalongo, Fennimore, Pattnaik, Laverick, Brewster, and Mutuku (2004) contend that the child must figure at the center of this process.As a results the developmental needs of the child must be first and foremost in the mind of the educator as decisions are made about curricula content and structure. First and foremost an early childhood curricula must be specific to the early childhood level. Jalongo et al (2004) caution that early childhood programs must be designed specifically for early childhood education â€Å"rather than replicate the c urriculum and pedagogy that characterizes later academic experiences† (p. 145). Consequently tasks should be so designed so that they are manageable based on the cognitive and physical capabilities of the children.Additionally the designers of curricula material need to ensure that such programs and the material that go along with them are innovative. Educators in the field should work collaboratively in deciding on the most appropriate material to include in the curriculum. Moreover when it comes to actual classroom implementation the curriculum should be used as a guide and not as an absolute (Jalongo et al, 2004). This means that teachers should be flexible in implementing aspects of the curriculum based on the unique needs of their particular set of learners.Furthermore curricula should be continuously improved to reflect new knowledge about how children at the early childhood level learn. For each group of students the curriculum should be adopted to better serve their ne eds and challenges. Consideration must be given to the particular ethnic, cultural, and language characteristics of the children concerned and seek to meet them where they are. This means that, rather than trying to force children into a pre-made mold, educators must ensure that the children are the basis used in constructing the mold.Evidently the task of designing developmentally appropriate curriculum, though it is left mainly up to the educator who interacts most intimately with the students, must take into account the specific needs, interests and capabilities of learners. Educators cannot leave the child out of planning the early childhood curriculum. Failure to include the group at which early childhood programs are geared will only result in failure both on the part of the educator and the learner. References Edwards, S. (2005, Mar). Children’s learning and developmental potential: Examining the theoretical informants of early childhood curricula from the educator’s perspective. Early Years, 25(1), 67–80. Jalongo, M. R., Fennimore, B. S., Pattnaik, J., Laverick, D. M., Brewster, J. & Mutuku, M. (2004, Dec). Blended perspectives: A global vision for high-quality early childhood education. Early Childhood Education Journal, 32(3), 143-155. Slavin, R. E. (2000). Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice. (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Population Growth And Its Impact On The Environment

In the short amount of time that humans have been on this planet they have evolved and adjusted to many circumstances in climates over such a short period of time. Humans have been on this planet for about 200,000 years and in that short amount of time humans have changed, and grown drastically within that time frame. If the population continues to grow at rapid rates our planet, environment, civilization, and even humanity will suffer due to over consumption, pollution, and destruction causing depletion and possibly even extinction. Overpopulation of civilizations could lead to the depletion of fresh water, other natural resources, food supplies, and even habitations. Humanity as a whole make choices regarding housing, food, water,†¦show more content†¦The third era is the current account of population growth. The population numbers are currently declining and will remain in a declining state indicating the culmination of this era. Poverty, medical intervention, technology, nutritional and cultural factors play a role in increasing and decreasing growth population numbers. With the expansion of suburbanization communities were introduced to the industrial age. Technology such as farming equipment, machinery in factories, and simple household tools and utilities introduced a great deal of employment opportunities. With the introduction of farming equipment, the agricultural and nutritional aspect of our society improved greatly. This era also introduced our society to child labor and the introduction of women in the workforce. (Sachs, 2010) Due to the introduction of women in the workplace, women chose to contribute financially to their family instead of staying home, and having babies. Women were also choosing an education rather than being a housewife. When we look at today’s society men and women are following the past and choosing educations and careers instead of immediately starting familyâ⠂¬â„¢s or having smaller families. Medical intervention has also played a role in the population growth and decrease. Not only do we have contraception to decrease population growth, we also have fertility treatments to help increase population growth. Immunizations, in the use ofShow MoreRelatedImpact of Population Growth on Environment in Phnom Penh4174 Words   |  17 Pageshave many factors that face by the growth of population are very noticeable particularly in Phnom Penh city. As we know that before the national election in 1993, our country face many regimes and during these regimes were full of wars and lots of people were dead too. So, after the national election 1993, the government of The Kingdom of Cambodia considered that Cambodia has gone through many decades of difficult times, war, civil war and loss of most population. 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However,Read MoreThe Rise Of The Standard Of Living1738 Words   |  7 PagesThe various nations worldwide are involved in the constant quest to improve their economic growth that in turn would pave a way for the increase in the standard of living. This is especially true for under-developed and developing economies that have immense growth potential and need to exploit their available resources through prudent policy measures and structural reforms to improve the standard of living of the people. However, this increase in the standard of living leads to increased consumption

Risk Management in Hydro Power - 5207 Words

Risk Management In Hydro Power Plants – 18th African Hydro Symposium October 2006 By Joshua Chirikutsi – Zimbabwe Power Company- Kariba South Power station Abstract Hydro power plants like any other business encounter risks in all areas of its operations, but especially in the areas of producing and marketing electricity. As the Electricity supply industry reforms unfold the resultant deregulation brings in several market regulatory and trade related risks. The paper will discuss the general risks affecting Power utilities and will place particular emphasis on hydropower plant operations by analysing the effect of maintenance and operations quality in power plant risk management. 1.Introduction Electric power companies and their†¦show more content†¦The kinds of risks to be managed are decomposed into various classifications as described below. Risk can also be analysed along the value chain and risk management interventions are applied at each stage of the value chain 4.1 General Risks 4.1.1 Price Or Market Risk - comprises the risks to which the company is exposed due to uncertainties in the price of electricity on the market. Volumetric Risk encompasses risks arising from production uncertainty, consumption uncertainty, and uncertainties in the power supply. 4.1.2 Financial Risks, - credit or liquidity risk is especially important in trading. We can divide this risk into two segments; specific credit and systematic credit. Other financial risks include interest-rate risk and currency risk. 4.1.3 Regulatory Risk arises from extra-market factors, such as legal complications, changes and ambiguities in regulations, and political decisions. This risk is especially present in the initial phases of deregulation of the ESI 4.1.4 Modelling Risk can arise when a companys portfolio has been incorrectly valued due to flawed modelling assumptions flawed modelling methodology, or the wrong choice of a model. 4.1.5 Human Error Risks include mistakes in evaluation and analysis, and errors in all aspect of the value chain form power plant operations, maintenance, trading etc. 4.1.6Operational risk At utility level Operational risk is defined as the risk of incurringShow MoreRelatedCase Study Questions On Risk Management Essay999 Words   |  4 PagesDate: 4th October, 2016 Risk Management; DNSC-6254 Risk Management â€Å"Case Study # 2 - ERM† Prepared by: The A Team Aurelia Lianda   Rafael Aita   Nathan Peppler   Osamah Alturki   Moyaid Aseel Table of Contents Page 1. Question # 1.1 3 a) Question # 1.1 – (1.1.1) 3 b) Question # 1.1 – (1.1.2) 3 c) Question # 1.1 – (1.1.3) 3 2. 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The three hydro generating stations, totaling 34.5MWs, are summarized below: TSLP will sell the energy output under a single 30-year Electricity Purchase Agreement (â€Å"EPA†) to British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority (â€Å"BC Hydro†) (Aaa; SFSRead MoreEssay On Clean Energy And Bc Community1212 Words   |  5 PagesEnergy and BC Communities ââ€"  Clean energy projects bring immense benefits to local communities in all regions of BC. ââ€"  There has been nearly $9 billion invested by the private clean energy sector. ââ€"  In addition, there have been millions of dollars of risk capital spent prospecting and permitting potential sites, with environmental, resource, preliminary engineering, and interconnection studies, as well as First Nations engagement and negotiations. ââ€"  CEBC estimates that our sector pays back $200 millionRead MoreThe Potential For A Supply Shortage1184 Words   |  5 Pagesproportion of electricity supplied by hydro power in New Zealand. 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Essay Critique of a Nursing Theory - 1746 Words

Critique of a Nursing Theory April 30, 2010 Critique of a Nursing Theory This is a critique of Myra Estrin Levine’s conservation principles model. I will be discussing the meaning of the theory of the four principles; conservation of energy, conservation of structural integrity, conservation of personal integrity, and conservation of social integrity. I will be using the criterion-based model (C-BaC) as a focus of the positive aspects of the theory, as outlined by Johnson Webber (Johnson Webber, 2010, p. 192-214). I will discuss the intent and theory, the concepts and propositions, and the usefulness in nursing practice. How a nurse is defined could be very influential for those who aspire to become a nurse, and even for†¦show more content†¦Although I do not define optimal patient health as Levine would, I do believe that the boundaries of today’s health disciplines and Levine’s theory ultimately have the same patient goal; patient wholeness. The meaning of Levine’s conservation theory i s defined differently in all the secondary sources used. There are no words used that are misunderstood. I would not constitute any of the definitions read as jargon, slang or unnecessary and meaningless writing. The primary source, Levine’s definition of â€Å"Conservation of Social Integrity is to recognize the individual as one who strives for recognition, respect, self awareness, selfhood and self determination† (Nursing Theories: A Companion to Nursing Theories and Models, 2010). Selfhood is one word that I am not familiar with and had to look up for confirmation of meaning. The meaning of selfhood is integrity; strive for selfhood would be to strive for individuality or for your own true identity. Concepts and Propositions Levine’s theories share four major concepts; person, environment, health, and nursing. A concept of person is one who is being holistic and striving to accomplish complete integrity, â€Å"someone who is future-oriented and past-aware† (â€Å"Myra Levine’s Conservation Theoryâ€Å", 2009). Each individual has an internal and external environment that completes their wholeness. TheShow MoreRelatedSummary and Critique of The Timelessness of Nursing Theory1302 Words   |  5 PagesAnnotated Bibliography of Two Nursing Articles Summary and critique of The timelessness of nursing theory by Sandra Schmidt Bunkers. This article by Bunkers examines the ways in which nursing theory as articulated by Florence Nightingale and supported by Rosemarie Parses theoretical modeling can be understood as being timeless and to what extent it should be considered as rooted in a particular historical moment and cultural context. 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The purposeRead MoreEssay on Research Critique Part 1659 Words   |  3 Pages Research Critique Part 1 Grand Canyon University Introduction to Nursing Research NRS-433V Mary OConnell September 5, 2013 Research Critique Part 1 This paper will critique a qualitative research study published in the Journal of Medical Ethics in 2004, By Dr Helen Aveyard, about how nurses manage patients who refuse nursing care procedures. The article explains how nurses view informed consent as not being essential to nursing care procedures. Problem Statement The clinical problem

Steps of a Consumer Behavior Consumer Behavioural Process

Question: Discuss about theSteps of a Consumer Behaviorfor Consumer Behavioural Process. Answer: Introduction The Buyer decision process is a course of action taken by customers concerning the market dealings before and after purchasing a product. This process includes five stages for a buyer to make an entire decision. The steps include need recognition, information search, evaluation, purchase decision and post-purchase decision. Arabella wanted to buy a desktop computer for her home that she can use more efficiently from her home and access internet easily. As a student, she had to purchase a PC that will help her complete her degree assignments. Arabella then shared the situation with her friends and started an information search about Harvey Norman Computer Superstore, a brand aligned with Flexi-rent. She had to look for a computer retailer that would meet her demands. She wanted a PC with a high processor speed, the size of the processor and how effective it is to access the internet (Hiller, 2015). Once she collected all the information about the type of PC she wanted, she decided to evaluate the alternative brands in the Harvey Norman Computer Superstore which included, Hal, Glade, Dense, and IQ. After comparing the four brands and also seeking advice from her friends who had earlier purchased some of the brands, she was impressed by Hal and IQ systems since they met her demands (Hoyer, Macinnis Pieters, 2014). According to her preferences, the IQ PC had the necessary features that she wanted. Concerning size, the PC had a larger internal memory and an exceptional processor speed that will enable it to multi-task. Since she had a lot of presentations and assignments she could handle at the same time. Also, the IQ brand was relatively cheaper than the other brand she had evaluated. After an agreement with the company, she purchased the PC and took it home with her to unpack it and install the software she wanted. It was a big investment she made since her income was not such big. The level of involvement of Arabella towards the IQ PC was excellent since she sought for guidance from her friend such as Emma and Sarah who had previously used the products from the company. In my perspective, as a consumer, I will follow the same path as Arabella in that, when purchasing a product it is effective to involve other parties that have enjoyed the products services earlier. After buying a product, a customer should sign an agreement with the dealer on how they will handle a fault if it occurs after purchase. For instance, a warrant of about a year issued to the customer which will enable him/her to claim for any fault. According to me, I would have handled the problem following the agreement I made with the dealer. It doesnt make any cost for one to claim for a fault that you have purchased since you have a right to do so under any circumstances (Scitovsky, 2015). Harvey Norman Computer Superstore staff handled the case in a wrong way. As a manager of the company, I should have instructed the staff to handle Arabella's situation with care since it may impact the company's image negatively. For example, I would have asked the staff to take the PC and try to find out if it was their fault or Arabella's. A complaint is effective if only it is in line with the agreement made between the client and the dealer. For instance, if a warrant was issued and has not expired, then a complaint is valid. When considering a claim, the following options should be considered, first, as an organization you should seek out for some information directly from the buyer. For example, the company should ask a few questions about how the fault occurred to find the cause. Secondly, it should make sure that the complaint is in register with the protection agency. Finally, the company may decide to take a legal action if the claim has no basis. References Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction, and Complaining Behavior, Inc. (2015). Journal of consumer satisfaction, dissatisfaction, and complaining behavior: CS/D CB. Provo, Utah, Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction, and Complaining Behavior, Inc. Hiller , K. Y. (2015). Ecological consumer decision making Nature, process, and barriers in apparel acquisition. East Lansing, Michigan State University. Hoyer, W. D., Macinnis, D. J., Pieters, R. (2013). Consumer behavior. Australia, South Western Cengage Learning. Scitovsky, T. (2015). The Joyless Economy: the Psychology of Human Satisfaction. New York, Oxford University Press. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=272997.